In particular, sunitinib is considered to be the standard treatment option for RCC

ounding neutrophils. Discussion In this study, we characterized the P2 receptor profile of renal intercalated cells, and showed that they express high PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19764249 levels of the pro-inflammatory P2Y14 receptor. In addition, our data demonstrate that P2Y14 activation by UDP-glucose in ICs induces an inflammatory response mediated by chemokine upregulation and neutrophil recruitment into the kidney medulla. Neutrophil recruitment was demonstrated using two complementary approaches: quantitative flow cytometry analysis, and immunofluorescence microscopic visualization of Ly6G-positive neutrophils on kidney sections. Our study, therefore, identifies ICs as potential sensors, mediators and effectors of sterile inflammation in the kidney. Our data suggest that the contribution of this novel pathway should now be examined in different models of kidney disease. While we detected numerous P2 receptors in mRNA samples isolated from the entire kidney, we found only 6 receptors in ICs. The 17 / 24 Immune Role of P2Y14 in Intercalated Cells Fig 10. Immunolocalization of neutrophils in kidney medulla of mice 48 h after injection with saline or 100 M UDP-glucose. Mosaic images of kidney medulla double-labeled for P2Y14 and the neutrophil marker Ly6G from mice injected with saline or 100 M UDPglucose. Individual neutrophils, CVT-3146 delineated in the corresponding white circles in Panels A and B, are shown in the small panels A1-A5, and B1-B5, respectively. High magnification images showing the presence of neutrophils in proximity to medullary ICs after UDP-glucose injection. In the sham animals, the areas surrounding collecting ducts were often devoid of neutrophils. Scale bars = 200 m in A and B, 25 m in C-D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121419.g010 expression of P2Y2 in these cells is in agreement with a previous pharmacological study showing functional P2Y2 in the apical membrane of ICs in rabbit CCDs. P2Y2 is traditionally viewed as a regulator of collecting duct principal cells, but our data further support its 18 / 24 Immune Role of P2Y14 in Intercalated Cells participation in IC function. Activation of this receptor by UTP, ATP and guanosine activates the ERK1-2/MAPK pathway in astrocytes, and it would be interesting to determine whether P2Y2 plays a similar role in ICs. Interestingly, while P2X7 and P2X6 have been described in collecting ducts, we did not detect these receptors in EGFP cells, illustrating the importance of conducting cell-specific gene expression analysis. Among the receptors that were detected in ICs, P2X4 is regulated by extracellular pH and it will be interesting to determine its role in the acidifying function of ICs. We also observed several purinergic receptors, including P2Y14, in MDCK-C11 cells, making them suitable models to characterize this receptor in vitro. Nonetheless, the limitations of cell culture models in general must be considered when comparing in vitro studies with the in vivo situation. The presence of other purinergic receptors, either in ICs or in MDCK-C11 cells, should not affect the outcome of the present study, because the agonist used here, UDP-glucose, PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19762901 was shown to activate P2Y14 exclusively. Infection and ischemic kidney injury stimulate a potent inflammatory response including a rapid infiltration of neutrophils into the affected tissue. Ascending pathogens induce renal epithelial cell damage. The role of ICs in the defense against these pathogens has recently emerged by the discovery that they express the antimicrobia